The town also lay on one of the only two routes available for the British to advance on Washington, in fact the preferred route because the Eastern Branch was easy to ford there. 1000-2010 Mercator. [37], Winder had not given any instructions before the battle in the case of a retreat and as the American militia left the battlefield, he issued contradictory orders to halt and reform, or fall back on the Capitol where Secretary of War John Armstrong, Jr. hoped vainly to make a stand, using the federal buildings as strongpoints, or retreat through Georgetown to Tenleytown. He might have taken the capital almost unopposed had he advanced on 23 August, but instead he rested his men and organised his force. Media in category "Battle of Bladensburg" The following 37 files are in this category, out of 37 total. A major battle in the War of 1812, the Battle of Bladensburg was a disastrous defeat for the United States that led to the burning of Washington, including the White House and the Capitol Building. 1814, between the British and American Forces. [54], Blacks also fought on the British side with the Colonial Marines in the attacks on Bladensburg and Washington DC. This was no ordinary map, but rather the one my grandfather had in his flight suit during his missions over … His main body proceeded into the Patuxent. Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane soon had over 4,000 men at Bermuda, amongst them a contingent 3,000 strong under Major-General Robert … The opposing troops clashed just west of Bladensburg on August 24, 1814, in three hours of intense fighting. CREDITS. [20] Winder had been captured in just such a night attack at Stoney Creek the year before. [30] (Minor's men had arrived in Washington without arms or ammunition. - Town Hall and City United States - Free directory United States town halls and towns. As many as 1,200 British soldiers would be stationed there. For the first two years of the War of 1812 (1812–1815), the British had been preoccupied with the war against Napoleon and his French Empire (France) in Europe. Battle of Bladensburg Waterfront Park. However, as the 1/44th threatened Smith's open left flank, Winder ordered Smith to retreat also. Though superior in number, most of the American defensive forces were poorly trained, ill-equipped, and positioned so the lines could not support one another. US defeat in that battle, called "the greatest disgrace ever dealt to American arms", cleared the way for the burning of Washington by British troops. Gleig is mistaken in 1827 in thinking that a third of the men were casualties, the figure was closer to one sixth. "He conducted a brilliant campaign of deception, feinting one way or the other, marching and then doubling back, and was able to paralyze the Americans and prevent them from defending Bladensburg". Although Major General Ross commanded the British troops in Chesapeake Bay, the point of attack was to be decided by Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane, commander in chief of the Royal Navy's North American Station. Major Harry Smith, Ross's Brigade major, considered that Ross and Thornton had attacked too hastily, without waiting for other units to support Thornton, or sending forward skirmishers across the fords to cover the advance. The successor units within the British Army are, respectively: The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment, the Royal Regiment of Scotland, the Royal Anglian Regiment and the Rifles. Details Amenities Reviews ... Map. Divisions of the American Battlefield Trust: The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. [Note 2] Rear Admiral Cockburn accompanied his force. Although Cockburn withdrew from Chesapeake Bay late in 1813, his sailors had taken soundings and even placed buoys to mark channels and sandbars, in preparation for a renewed campaign in 1814.[9]. From $79. [10], Meanwhile, Albert Gallatin, President James Madison's nominated commissioner for negotiations with the British government, sent news from Europe of Napoleon's abdication and the apparent hardening of British attitudes towards the United States.[11]. At 2:30 a.m. on 23 August, Stansbury received a message from Winder, informing him that he had withdrawn across the Eastern Branch and he intended to fire the lower bridge. [38], Smith's brigade fell back initially in good order, but Winder's orders to retreat apparently did not reach Barney, and his situation worsened when the civilian drivers of the carts carrying his reserve ammunition joined the general rout,[39] leaving the Marine gun crews with fewer than three rounds of canister, round shot and charges in their caissons. The corps received the same training, uniforms, pay, and pensions as their Royal Marine counterparts. Winder issued confused orders for three of Captain Burch's guns to fall back rather than cover Sterrett's retreat, and the 5th Maryland and the rest of Stansbury's brigade fled the field, sweeping most of Lavall's horsemen with them. From Nottingham, Ross continued up the Patuxent to Upper Marlboro, from where he could threaten to advance on either Washington or Baltimore, confusing the Americans. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. Find any address on the map of Bladensburg or calculate your itinerary to and from Bladensburg, find all the tourist attractions and Michelin Guide restaurants in Bladensburg. [21], Stansbury chose a defensible position, though hardly the best one available, on the west side of the Eastern Branch of the Potomac opposite the town of Bladensburg. And if you’d like to see a reenactment of the Battle of Bladensburg… Stansbury's troops were tired from two days' constant alarms and redeployments, and Smith's and Beall's men were equally exhausted from having force-marched to the battlefield through a hot and humid summer day, with many diversions and unnecessary panics. Battle of Bladensburg: Background With the defeat of Napoleon in early 1814, the British were able to turn increasing attention to their war with the United States. [43] Heidler's Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 gives the U.S. loss as "10 or 12 killed, 40 wounded" and "about 100" captured. The "launcher" is the stick, which, when coupled with the rocket, would be mounted upon a bombarding frame, and fired. This drive – and biking route – is a pleasant way to explore the history of the area, but also see some pristine agricultural landscapes in Prince George’s County. They collapsed from heat exhaustion and the strain of punishing forced marches over the five days since landing at Benedict". Despite the war, both sides generally respected hospitals and afforded care to the enemy wounded. The British advance was led by Colonel William Thornton's 85th Light Infantry and the three light companies of the other line battalions. Federal Identification Number (EIN): 54-1426643. The Maryland militia infantry regiments were posted in a line of battle south of the earthwork, too far away to protect the artillery and exposed to British fire. [56], Note: there were a total of 1350 Marines throughout the Chesapeake campaign[57], Like many historic battlefields that once belonged to the rural American landscape, urban sprawl and heavily-traveled roads associated with urbanization in the DC metro area have made it very difficult to preserve and acquire the complete site of the Bladensburg battleground. The Baltimore artillery and Pinkney's riflemen stopped Thornton's first rush across the bridge. This story map was created with the Story Map Journal application in ArcGIS Online. By April 1814, Napoleon had been defeated and was exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Italy. President James Madison and most of the rest of the federal government had been present at the battle, and had nearly been captured. Bladensburg Memorial Peace Cross (Google Maps). Bladensburg is best remembered for the Battle of Bladensburg (1814) during the War of 1812, the only battle in US history in which a sitting president (James Madison) rode into battle. Winder's report to the Secretary of War stated that he was able "By the most active and harassing movement of the troops to interpose before the enemy at Bladensburg about 5,000. x 6-pounders, 150 all ranks. The 2nd District Militia were posted behind Peter and Scott. Cochrane dispatched two forces to make diversions. They occupied Tangier Island off the coast of Virginia, establishing Fort Albion as an anchorage and staging area. He had issued a private memorandum to his captains however, which allowed them to levy what was effectively protection money in return for sparing buildings. 1 Infantry Battalion, United States Regulars commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William Scott – variously reported at either 300 or 500 men all ranks. Instructions. Barney's 300 sailors and 103 Marines nevertheless held off the British frontal attacks. Lieutenant General Prevost had urged Vice Admiral Cochrane to avenge the Raid on Port Dover on the north shore of Lake Erie earlier in the year, in which the undefended settlement had been set ablaze by American troops. From www.goprincegeorgescounty.com: The Memorial Peace Cross is an area landmark that has become synonymous with the historic town of Bladensburg. Timeline Attributes. "[53] The Commodore was correct as the men did not run; one such man was young sailor Harry Jones (No. One British soldier, Jeremiah McCarthy is also recorded. For more information you can read about the battle and view maps at battlefields.org.A few years ago PBS (in partnership with WNED and WETA) presented a full-length documentary, The War of 1812, available online with essays on the historical background and information on the making of the film. Enter Battle. The British Army completely routed the American forces. Donate today to preserve battlefields in America and protect the legacy of our nation’s defining conflicts. They could not use oblique fire to prevent the bridge from being seized. Thirty-three incoming patients recorded in August and September 1814 were American seamen, soldiers, and marines wounded from Bladensburg or subsequent engagements. Furthermore, the roads to Washington, Georgetown, and Baltimore all intersected behind between it and Bladensburg. • Battle of Bladensburg, 1814, sketch, battle plan, … Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, burned many U.S. government and military buildings, Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812, three currently active battalions of the 4th Infantry, 85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)(Light Infantry), 21st Regiment (Royal North British Fusiliers), "Recollections of the Expedition to the Chesapeake, and against New Orleans, by an Old Sub", "Interview With War of 1812 Author Steve Vogel", "The 85th Light Infantry in North America 1812 - 1815", https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/register-patients-naval-hospital-washington-dc-1814.html, https://www.lib.umd.edu/bladensburg/reputation-ruined/battle-of-bladensburg, Battle of Bladensburg: Reputation Ruined -University of Maryland Library, University of Maryland Special Collections Guide on the War of 1812, Battle of Bladensburg, War of 1812 Bicentennial preparations top Port Towns' priorities, "The Short History of Defense of Maryland During the War of 1812," by John Miller, Animated history of the Battle of Bladensburg, Battle of Bladensburg Map - Bladensburg Archaeology (video), "Beyond the Battle: Bladensburg Rediscovered" exhibit at the University of Maryland, College Park, "Battle of Bladensburg bicentennial undaunted by rain", Hyattsville Community Newspaper, August 24, 2014, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&oldid=1007835027, United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. They were no match for the seasoned British army. Author Gregory J. W. Urwin, page 49. On 1 July 1814 Madison summoned his cabinet to discuss the increased threat to the United States' Atlantic coast, including Washington, although the Secretary of War, John Armstrong, insisted that the British would not attack Washington, since it was strategically unimportant. Surprised, Stansbury was seized by an irrational fear that his right flank could be turned. Battle of Bladensburg BladensburgArchaeology.com O n August 24, 1814, British troops defeated American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg, and went on to burn important public buildings in the Nation’s Capital. In his 1837 memoir, Ball reflected on the Battle of Bladensburg: "I stood at my gun, until the Commodore was shot down... if the militia regiments, that lay upon our right and left, could have been brought to charge the British, in close fight, as they crossed the bridge, we should have killed or taken the whole of them in a short time; but the militia ran like sheep chased by dogs. Battle of Baltimore – September 12-14, 1814: Battle of Bladensburg – August 24, 1814: Battle of Caulks Field – August 30-31, 1814: Chesapeake Campaigns, 1813-1814 Sketch of the Action fought near Bladensburg, Help Save 110 Acres at Three Civil War Battlefields, Preserve 108 Acres of the Most Important Unprotected Battlefield Land, Kentuckians: Support Battlefield Preservation Legislation, Virginians: Support Battlefield Preservation Legislation. Cochrane issued a proclamation that American property was forfeit; only the lives of the civilian inhabitants were to be spared. Stansbury's force consisted of the 1st (Ragan's), 2nd (Schutz's), and 5th (Sterrett's) regiments of Maryland Militia, three companies of volunteer riflemen commanded by Major William Pinkney (a former United States Attorney General), and two companies of Baltimore artillery, with six 6-pounder guns. historical research report for the market master’s house, magruder house, and the george washington house bladensburg, prince george’s county, maryland Only a desperate rear-guard action prevented the capture of the whole American force. Called "the greatest disgrace ever dealt to American arms", a British force of army regulars and Royal Marines routed a combined U.S. force of Regular Army and state militia troops at Bladensburg, Maryland, 8.6 miles (13.8 km) northeast of the federal capital of … [50] This force provided crucial artillery support during the battle. On 22 August, Stansbury deployed his force on Lowndes Hill, where he hastily dug earthworks for artillery emplacements. The 1814 battlefield, which is bisected by Bladensburg Road, symbolizes an important chapter in our history. "[52] Modern scholars estimate that blacks made up 15% to 20% of the American naval forces in the War of 1812. Winder suggested calling up some militia in advance of any attack, but Armstrong insisted that militia could best be used on the spur of the moment. Diagrams and plans illustrative of the principal battles and military affairs treated of in Memoirs of my own times. [2] He feared that the British might make a surprise night attack, in which the British would hold the advantage in organisation and discipline while Winder's own advantage in artillery would count for little. Boston City Map in 1775. However, the Earl of Bathurst, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, dispatched a brigade composed mainly of veterans from the Duke of Wellington's army and commanded by Major General Robert Ross, to Bermuda, from where a blockade of the U.S. coast and even the occupation of some coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war. On 5 July, he and Armstrong conferred. Enter Battle. [3] Some of the British dead "died without sustaining a scratch. [51] One of the best accounts is that of Charles Ball, born 1785. The frigate HMS Menelaus and some small craft threatened a raid on Baltimore, while two frigates and some bomb ketches and a rocket vessel ascended the Potomac River, an expedition that resulted in the successful Raid on Alexandria. Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane formed the Corps of Colonial Marines in 1813, deliberately recruiting enslaved blacks with a promise of freedom for themselves and their families. Jones was wounded in the final action at Bladensburg and remained a patient at the Naval Hospital Washington, DC, for nearly two months. This page was last edited on 20 February 2021, at 04:37. Free printable PDF Map of Bladensburg, Prince George's county. Large numbers of British ships and troops were now free to be used to prosecute the former backwater war with the United States. Located in Maryland region, the Bladensburg town is an a local administrative entity run by a mayor. Around noon on 24 August, Ross's army reached Bladensburg. Nevertheless, on 2 July, Madison designated the area around Washington and Baltimore as the United States Army's Tenth Military District and, without consulting Armstrong, appointed Brigadier General William H. Winder as its commander. Capital Region. The British forces under General Robert Ross overcame American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg, Maryland, on August 24, 1814, and from there marched unopposed towards the U.S. national capital of Washington, D.C. The Battle of Bladensburg opened the road for the British Army to sack and burn Washington, D.C. American militia broke quickly under fire from the British veterans, many of whom had just come from fighting Napoleon in Europe. During the night, however, the troops began retreating toward Washington, ending up on the low field just south of town. The naval hospital's 1814 register reflects U.S. seamen Frederick Ernest and George Gallagher both endured amputations in the field.[47]. Old maps of Bladensburg on Old Maps Online. Light companies, 1/4th, 21st, 1/44th Foot, Company of Royal Marines, commanded by Lt Athelstan Stevens, detached from the, Rocket Detachment of 26 Royal Marine Artillery gunners, commanded by Lt John Lawrence, likewise detached from the Royal Marine battalion, 3rd Brigade (Colonel Patterson) (ca. [25] The earthwork had been designed for heavier weapons, and the 6-pounder field guns had a restricted field of fire through its embrasures. Bladensburg commanded the roads to Baltimore and Annapolis, along which reinforcements were moving to join him. Both Winder and Secretary of State James Monroe later tinkered with Stansbury's dispositions. The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 53,000 acres in 24 states! District of Columbia 1st Regiment of Militia, Colonel George Magruder, 535 all ranks, District of Columbia 2nd Regiment of Militia, Colonel Wm. Blacks fought on the American force at Bladensburg, many as members of Commodore Joshua Barney's naval flotilla. Ross was also wary of the U.S. Chesapeake Bay Flotilla, lurking in the Patuxent River. Very quiet, calm, pretty and restful paddle down the Anacostia to the Aquatic Gardens lagoon. [44] One American officer that fought in the battle estimated that around 100 Americans were killed and 130 wounded. [38] The American militia actually fled through the streets of Washington. They landed in Benedict (Charles County) first, but then came ashore in Nottingham in Prince George’s County. [27], Behind Stansbury's troops and to his right was a brigade of District of Columbia militia under Brigadier General Walter Smith, which had marched from Long Old Fields. Enter Battle. U.S. City Bladensburg, Prince Georges Conty, Maryland, MD, City. Enter Battle. [35] As the 5th Maryland exchanged fire with British infantry in cover on three sides, Schutz's and Ragan's conscripted militia broke and fled under a barrage of Congreve rockets. Gleig, pp.124-5 'The loss on the part of the English was severe, since, out of two thirds of the engaged [being unscaved, however], upwards of five hundred men were killed and wounded.' Because the bridge had not been burned, it had to be defended. However, the City of Bladensburg, in association with Prince George's County and the State of Maryland, has set up a number of historical markers in various places of importance on the battlefield and offers a walking tour, with a free audio "tour guide" to help one explore the battlefield itself. His men had been confined aboard their transports for nearly three months, and he lacked cavalry, artillery and transport. Most of the militia simply fled the field with no destination in mind, or deserted the ranks to see to the safety of their families. [29], To Smith's right rear in turn was a column of Maryland militia under Colonel William Beall, which had just arrived from Annapolis. The American Battlefield Trust's map of the Battle of Bladensburg on August 24, 1814. A battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Kramer lined the creek. A regiment of Virginia Militia under Colonel George Minor was delayed by administrative confusion and arrived on the field only as the battle ended. He had practiced law in Baltimore before being commissioned as a colonel in 1812 and had only recently been exchanged after having been captured at the Battle of Stoney Creek in July 1813. The hasty and disorganized U.S. retreat led to the battle becoming known as the "Bladensburg Races" from an 1816 poem. The rocket itself would be attached to the side of a stick, doing so allowed them to be launched at a greater range. 1460 men) – in the rear, composite battalion (formed from ship-based Marines) commanded by Captain. )[28] To Barney's left was the 1st Regiment of "District" Militia, a militia artillery company under Major George Peter with six 6-pounder guns and a provisional battalion of regulars under Lieutenant Colonel William Scott. British casualties were 64 dead and 185 wounded. Armstrong was half right; the British would launch attacks against both Baltimore and Washington. Although the Royal Navy controlled Chesapeake Bay from early 1813 onwards, lack of troops restricted them to mounting comparatively small-scale raids, the largest of which was (Barney had originally been posted to guard the lower bridge over the Eastern Branch and destroy it if necessary, but he had pleaded to President Madison and the Secretary of the Navy that he and his men were needed where the action was. This allowed the British to march on Washington resulting in the town being burned. Though much of the original land has been developed, a portion of the battlefield has been preserved under the Prince George's County Department of Parks and Recreation. Continue. [42], Although the British had suffered heavier casualties than the U.S. (many inflicted by Barney's guns), they had completely routed the defenders. Official reports of his strength range from 5,000 to 9,000 men. However, when the British later withdrew to their ships in the Patuxent, discipline was less effective (partly because of fatigue) and there was considerable looting by foraging parties and by stragglers and deserters. The Battle of Bladensburg was a battle of the Chesapeake campaign of the War of 1812, fought on 24 August 1814. On this page the Companies from the City of Bladensburg, MD are displayed: Get Directions. Ross had a choice of two routes by which he could advance: from the south via Woodyard or from the east via Bladensburg. Winder now had at least 1,000 regulars from the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Marine Corps, plus about 7,000 less than dependable militia and volunteers from the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia. All information United States cities and villages: Town Hall, Coordinates, e-mail address, mayor, population, map, tourism, activities, weather, hotel, real estate, company. Bladensburg, Maryland British Made Battle Map. He felt the most likely target would be the city of Baltimore,[12] which offered more commercial targets and plunder than Washington. The Battle of Bladensburg opened the road for the British Army to sack and burn Washington, D.C. American militia broke quickly under fire from the British veterans, many of whom had just come from fighting Napoleon in Europe. Battery, The District of Columbia Militia Artillery (Georgetown Artillery), Major George Peter, ? Your tax-deductible gift will help us to preserve this irreplaceable twice-hallowed ground at Gaines' Mill and Cold Harbor — forever. Rented two kayaks with a friend on a Thursday morning. From $79. After a brief clash with Ross's leading units on 22 August, Winder ordered a hasty retreat to the Long Old Fields. Stansbury's tactical errors quickly became apparent. Cochrane had concentrated four ships of the line, twenty frigates and sloops of war and twenty transports carrying Ross's troops at Tangier Island. Map title: Sketch of the March of the British Army under General Ross from the 19th to the 29th of Aug.t; 1814 Inset title: Sketch of the Engagement on the 24th Augt. In the morning of 24 August, Ross made a feint on the southern route, before suddenly swerving northwards towards Bladensburg. He first positioned troops on the high ground above Bladensburg. From this position, Stansbury dominated the approaches available to the British while controlling the lines of communication. The Battle of Baltimore was a sea/land battle fought between British invaders and American defenders in the War of 1812.American forces repulsed sea and land invasions off the busy port city of Baltimore, Maryland, and killed the commander of the invading British forces.The British and Americans first met at the Battle of North Point. Bladensburg Parent places: Prince George's County; Old Maps Online. Most of these troops went to Canada where Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost, Governor General of Canada and commander in chief in North America, was preparing to lead an invasion into New York from Canada, heading for Lake Champlain and the upper Hudson River. $69. Stansbury's infantry and artillery were posted too far from the river's edge to contest a crossing effectively. Artillery demonstration bladensburg 2659.JPG 1,600 × 1,200; 1.26 MB Thornton's light brigade made several frontal attacks over the creek, but were repulsed three times by artillery fire, and were counter-attacked by Barney's detachment. The Baltimore artillery had solid shot only, which was of little use against scattered skirmishers. 1st Regiment, Baltimore County Militia, Colonel Jonathan Shutz, 675 all ranks, 2nd Regiment, Baltimore County Militia, Colonel John Ragan, 675 all ranks, 1 Battalion, Baltimore Rifles, Major William Pinkney, 150 all ranks, 2 Batteries, Baltimore Militia Artillery, ? The United States Cavalry: an illustrated history, 1776 - 1944. A secondary conflict while the wars with France raged, they now began sending additional troops west in an effort to win a swift victory. [32] However, Thornton's men eventually established themselves on the south bank of the river, and began advancing in loose order. The Battle of Bladensburg was a battle of the Chesapeake campaign of the War of 1812, fought on 24 August 1814 at Bladensburg, Maryland, 8.6 miles (13.8 km) northeast of Washington, D.C. Called "the greatest disgrace ever dealt to American arms,"[8] a British force of army regulars and Royal Marines routed a combined U.S. force of Regular Army and state militia troops. 38° 56.15′ N, 76° 56.313′ W. Marker is in Bladensburg, Maryland, in Prince George's County. Battle Map. Explore Map Next Battle. x 6-pounders, 150 all ranks, Annapolis Militia, Colonel Hood, 800 all ranks, Battalion, Maryland State Militia, 250 all ranks, Virginia Militia Dragoons, 100 horse (amalgamated with Laval's Dragoons during the battle), 60th Virginia Militia Regiment, Colonel George Minor, 700 all ranks (Arrived late and without ammunition and held in reserve), The James City Light Infantry, 100 all ranks. The artillery was posted in an earthwork hastily constructed by Colonel Decius Wadsworth, the Army's Commissary General of Ordnance, to the north of the bridge. Feel free to download the PDF version of the Bladensburg, MD map so that you can easily access it while you travel without any means to the Internet. That same night the British entered Washington unopposed and set fire to many of the government buildings in what became known as the Burning of Washington. "[24] Ross, the British commander, estimated the American force at between 8,000 and 9,000 men, with 300–400 cavalry. Marker can be reached from the intersection of Annapolis Road (Maryland Route 450) and 46th Street. [14] Winder spent a month visiting the forts and settlements in his new command. Old maps of Bladensburg Discover the past of Bladensburg on historical maps Browse the old maps. The intention was for this force to carry out raids on the Atlantic Seaboard to "effect a diversion on the coasts of the United States of America in favor [sic] of the army employed in the defence of Upper and Lower Canada". Just before the battle, Commodore Barney, on being asked by Madison "if his negroes would not run on the approach of the British?" Smith's brigade was strongly posted behind a creek and along the crest of some rising ground, but Smith had not conferred with Stansbury before deploying his brigade, and there was a gap of a mile between them. The Act also authorized the town commissioners to purchase 60 acres (240,000 m2) of land to be laid out in 1-acre (4,000 m2) lots. Armstrong did not provide him with any staff, and despite his fears that the British could launch an attack against almost any point with very little warning, Winder did not order any field fortifications to be constructed, nor make any other preparations.[15].
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