[198] On November 6, 1900, he was proven correct, winning the largest victory for any Republican since 1872. We must avoid the temptation of territorial aggression. [197] Bryan's campaigning failed to excite the voters as it had in 1896, and McKinley never doubted that he would be re-elected. [178], When a group of white supremacists violently overthrew the duly elected government of Wilmington, North Carolina on November 10, 1898, in an event that came to be recognized as the Wilmington insurrection of 1898, McKinley refused requests by Black leaders to send in federal marshals or federal troops to protect Black citizens.,[179] and ignored city residents' appeals for help to recover from the widespread destruction of the predominantly Black neighborhood of Brooklyn. Many people who had suffered in the hard times sympathized with McKinley, whose popularity grew. In 1884, he was elected a delegate to that year's Republican convention, where he served as chair of the Committee on Resolutions and won plaudits for his handling of the convention when called upon to preside. McKinley supported it and it became law. "[164], Even before peace negotiations began with Spain, McKinley asked Congress to set up a commission to examine trade opportunities in Asia and espoused an "Open Door Policy", in which all nations would freely trade with China and none would seek to violate that nation's territorial integrity. The primary purposes of such imposts was not to raise revenue, but to allow American manufacturing to develop by giving it a price advantage in the domestic market over foreign competitors. [132] Public attention focused on the crisis and the consensus was that regardless of who set the bomb, Spain had lost control over Cuba. Results. Miles. [201], Although McKinley enjoyed meeting the public, Cortelyou was concerned with his security due to recent assassinations by anarchists in Europe, such as the assassination of King Umberto I of Italy the previous year. [41] The following year, he continued his studies by attending Albany Law School in New York state. With the War Department plagued by scandal, Alger resigned at McKinley's request in mid-1899. [50] McKinley's victory came at a personal cost: his income as a congressman would be half of what he earned as a lawyer. [42], That same year, he moved to Canton, the county seat of Stark County, and set up a small office. Early life. [35] The next day, they moved north up the valley into winter quarters near Kernstown. [223] There are several schools in the United States named McKinley School. [156] He stood firmly in that demand even as the military situation on Cuba began to deteriorate when the American army was struck with yellow fever. [171] The Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, and his government showed some interest in the idea and told the American envoy, Edward O. Wolcott, that he would be amenable to reopening the mints in India to silver coinage if the Viceroy's Executive Council there agreed. In the bitterness that followed the convention, Hanna abandoned Foraker. [208], It is difficult to interpret the optimism with which the President's physicians looked for his recovery. McKinley needed 453½ delegate votes to gain the nomination; he gained nearly half that number from the South and border states. [39] Carroll and Hancock encouraged McKinley to apply for a place in the peacetime army, but he declined and returned to Ohio the following month. During his presidency, McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish–American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry, and kept the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of the expansionary monetary policy of free silver.. A … McKinley increasingly became a significant figure in national politics. Favorite pamphlets became dog-eared, grimy, fell apart as their owners laboriously restudied their arguments and quoted from them in public and private debate. [206] McKinley was taken to the Exposition aid station, where the doctor was unable to locate the second bullet. After his death, there were rumors that slavery advocates had poisoned him; tests of his body over 100 years later have been inconclusive. [95][96][97], The bad economic times had continued, and strengthened the hand of forces for free silver. [169] Hay and the British ambassador, Julian Pauncefote, agreed that the United States could control a future canal, provided that it was open to all shipping and not fortified. The United States victory was quick and decisive. As part of the peace settlement, Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines while Cuba was promised independence, but at that time remained under the control of the United States Army. He also studied at Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio as a board member. He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition and in 1900 secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act. [31] Retreating into Maryland, the army was reorganized again: Major General Philip Sheridan replaced Hunter, and McKinley, who had been promoted to captain after the battle, was transferred to General Crook's staff. He warned against foreign interventions, "We want no wars of conquest. Monroe supported sending freed slaves to the new country of, Jackson owned many slaves. [2], His family moved to Ohio when the senior McKinley was a boy, settling in New Lisbon (now Lisbon). [29] They continued south toward Lynchburg, tearing up railroad track as they advanced. William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, serving from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. [26] McKinley and his comrades saw little action until July 1863, when the division skirmished with John Hunt Morgan's cavalry at the Battle of Buffington Island. Hanna urged McKinley to match Bryan's tour with one of his own; the candidate declined on the grounds that the Democrat was a better stump speaker: "I might just as well set up a trapeze on my front lawn and compete with some professional athlete as go out speaking against Bryan. When Blaine said he was not a candidate, Foraker returned to Sherman, but the nomination went to former Indiana senator Benjamin Harrison, who was elected president. [24] The 23rd was in the thick of the fighting at Antietam, and McKinley came under heavy fire when bringing rations to the men on the line. Sold like slaves, $2 per head. By: Ramon J. Farolan - @ inquirerdotnet. McKinley was the son of William McKinley, a manager of a charcoal furnace and a small-scale iron founder, and Nancy Allison. Pamphlets tumbled from the presses, to be read, reread, studied, debated, to become guides to economic thought and political action. As military governor of, Although he later served as a general in the, This page was last edited on 2 February 2021, at 20:37. Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from, Gerrymandering and defeat for re-election, Vice President Hobart died in office. [166] McKinley's actions set a precedent that led to most of his successors exerting similar independent control over the military. "[118], Maine Representative Nelson Dingley Jr. was McKinley's choice for Secretary of the Treasury; he declined it, preferring to remain as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. [133] Negotiations with Spain continued as the court considered the evidence, but on March 20, the court ruled that the Maine was blown up by an underwater mine. ... Second Lieutenant McKinley served on the staff of Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes, future President of the United States. Their immigrant ancestor was David McKinley, born in Dervock, County Antrim, in present-day Northern Ireland. Czolgosz concealed his gun in a handkerchief and, when he reached the head of the line, shot McKinley twice in the abdomen at close range. [32] By August, Early was retreating south in the valley, with Sheridan's army in pursuit. [239] Morgan sees that historical discussion as a subset of the debate over the rise of America as a world power; he expects the debate over McKinley's actions to continue indefinitely without resolution, and notes that however one judges McKinley's actions in American expansion, one of his motivations was to change the lives of Filipinos and Cubans for the better.[240]. McKinley died eight days later and was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt. Referring to the Treaty of Paris, it said that as a result of the victories of American arms, the future control, disposition, and government of the … Hanna approached them for support for his strategy to win the election, and they gave $3.5 million for speakers and over 200 million pamphlets advocating the Republican position on the money and tariff questions. [228], There has been broad agreement among historians that McKinley's election was at the time of a transition between two political eras, dubbed the Third and Fourth Party Systems. We enjoyed it as much as he did. [26] When they arrived in Columbus, Governor David Tod surprised McKinley with a commission as second lieutenant in recognition of his service at Antietam. [44] In 1869, McKinley ran for the office of prosecuting attorney of Stark County, an office that had historically been held by Democrats, and was unexpectedly elected. Sally Hemings, a slave he met in Paris and took back with him to Monticello, was a very light skinned black slave and could actually pass for a tanned white … He did not ask for war, but Congress declared war anyway on April 20, with the addition of the Teller Amendment, which disavowed any intention of annexing Cuba. [28], McKinley and his regiment moved to the Shenandoah Valley as the armies broke from winter quarters to resume hostilities. [222], In addition to the Canton site there are many memorials to McKinley. [45] When McKinley ran for re-election in 1871, the Democrats nominated William A. Lynch, a prominent local lawyer, and McKinley was defeated by 143 votes. [25], While the regiment went into winter quarters near Charleston, Virginia (present-day West Virginia), McKinley was ordered back to Ohio with some other sergeants to recruit fresh troops. Slavery was legal in the United States from its beginning as a nation, having been practiced in North America from early colonial days. The Alaska Board of Geographic Names changed the name of the mountain back to Denali in 1975, which is what it was called by locals. Hobart, a wealthy lawyer, businessman, and former state legislator, was not widely known, but as Hanna biographer Herbert Croly pointed out, "if he did little to strengthen the ticket he did nothing to weaken it". As the first governor of the. "[212] Her husband replied, "We are all going, we are all going. The Democrats had pamphlets too, though not as many. [46], Ida insisted that McKinley continue his increasingly successful career in law and politics. [39], McKinley, along with Samuel M. Taylor and James C. Howe, co-authored and published a twelve-volume work, Official Roster of the Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion, 1861–1866, published in 1886. A Republican, McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War; he was the only one to begin his service as an enlisted man, and end as a brevet major. Through most of 1897, the McKinley administration pursued an international agreement to include silver, along with gold, as an acceptable backing for the major European currencies. [143] By the time the troops arrived in the Philippines at the end of June 1898, McKinley had decided that Spain would be required to surrender the archipelago to the United States. Unknown to the doctors, gangrene was growing on the walls of his stomach, and slowly poisoning his blood. Competent enough in peacetime, Alger proved inadequate once the conflict with Spain began. ... U.S. President McKinley's December 21, 1898 proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation was announced in the Philippines on January 4, 1899. [128] The United States and Spain began negotiations on the subject in 1897, but it became clear that Spain would never concede Cuban independence, while the rebels (and their American supporters) would never settle for anything less. [42] After studying there for less than a year, McKinley returned home and was admitted to the bar in Warren, Ohio, in March 1867. Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) Hoover started his career as a geologist and as a mining engineer for … Once there, they crowded close to the front porch—from which they surreptitiously whittled souvenirs—as their spokesman addressed McKinley. [81] Instead, McKinley's wealthy supporters, including Hanna and Chicago publisher H. H. Kohlsaat, became trustees of a fund from which the notes would be paid. "[115], McKinley was sworn in as president on March 4, 1897, as his wife and mother looked on. His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial and, together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office, led to his defeat in the Democratic landslide of 1890. With his eloquence and youthful energy his major assets in the race, Bryan decided on a whistle-stop political tour by train on an unprecedented scale. [9], When the Southern states seceded from the Union and the American Civil War began, thousands of men in Ohio volunteered for service. [172] News of a possible departure from the gold standard stirred up immediate opposition from its partisans, and misgivings by the Indian administration led Britain to reject the proposal. [90] Former president Harrison had been deemed a possible contender if he entered the race; when Harrison made it known he would not seek a third nomination, the McKinley organization took control of Indiana with a speed Harrison privately found unseemly. [50] Both were successful. [76] He procured legislation that set up an arbitration board to settle work disputes and obtained passage of a law that fined employers who fired workers for belonging to a union. [193], The candidates were the same, but the issues of the campaign had shifted: free silver was still a question that animated many voters, but the Republicans focused on victory in war and prosperity at home as issues they believed favored their party. [55] McKinley voted for the Bland–Allison Act of 1878, which mandated large government purchases of silver for striking into money, and also joined the large majorities in each house that overrode Hayes's veto of the legislation. [170] Hay was embarrassed by the rebuff and offered his resignation, but McKinley refused it and ordered him to continue negotiations to achieve the Senate's demands. [28] McKinley later said the combat there was "as desperate as any witnessed during the war". [119] The Navy Department was offered to former Massachusetts Congressman John Davis Long, an old friend from the House, on January 30, 1897. [161] Foreseeing difficulty in getting two-thirds of the Senate to approve a treaty of annexation, McKinley instead supported the effort of Democratic Representative Francis G. Newlands of Nevada to accomplish the result by joint resolution of both houses of Congress. [213] He may also have sung part of his favorite hymn, "Nearer, My God, to Thee",[214] although other accounts have her singing it softly to him. [147] After lengthy delays, the army, led by Major General William Rufus Shafter, sailed from Florida on June 20, landing near Santiago de Cuba two days later. You know a lot about the presidents which ranks you … The Clayton–Bulwer Treaty, which the two nations signed in 1850, prohibited either from establishing exclusive control over a canal there. Congratulations! In 1876, he was elected to Congress, where he became the Republican Party's expert on the protective tariff, which he promised would bring prosperity. 12. [153], McKinley's cabinet agreed with him that Spain must leave Cuba and Puerto Rico, but they disagreed on the Philippines, with some wishing to annex the entire archipelago and some wishing only to retain a naval base in the area. Convinced Sherman could not win, Foraker threw his support to Maine Senator James G. Blaine, the unsuccessful Republican 1884 presidential nominee. [56], From his first term in Congress, McKinley was a strong advocate of protective tariffs. [24][b] McKinley's regiment suffered many casualties, but the Army of the Potomac was victorious and the Confederates retreated into Virginia. McKinley had spoken out against lynching while governor, and most African Americans who could still vote supported him in 1896. As president from 1881 to 1885, [217] A hundred thousand people passed by the open casket in the Capitol Rotunda, many having waited hours in the rain; in Canton, an equal number did the same at the Stark County Courthouse on September 18. Specialists were summoned; although at first some doctors hoped that McKinley might survive with a weakened heart, by afternoon they knew the case was hopeless. [229] Kenneth F. Warren emphasizes the national commitment to a pro-business, industrial, and modernizing program, represented by McKinley. As Phillips notes, "No documents, no diaries, no confidential letters to Mark Hanna (or anyone else) contain his secret hopes or veiled stratagems. McKinley joined a Freemason lodge (later renamed after him) in Winchester, Virginia before he and Carroll were transferred to Hancock's First Veterans Corps in Washington. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law and married Ida Saxton. With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna, he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 amid a deep economic depression. [241], William McKinley Monument by Hermon MacNeil in front of the Ohio Statehouse, Columbus, McKinley Monument by Alexander Phimister Proctor in front of Buffalo City Hall, Buffalo, Louisiana Purchase Exposition stamp (1904) honoring McKinley, who had signed a bill authorizing a subsidy for that upcoming event, McKinley Monument in front of Lucas County Courthouse, Toledo, This article is about the 25th president of the United States. [219], There was a widespread expectation that Ida McKinley would not long survive her husband; one family friend stated, as William McKinley lay dying, that they should be prepared for a double funeral. [184], Republicans were generally successful in state and local elections around the country in 1899, and McKinley was optimistic about his chances at re-election in 1900. The voting patterns established then displaced the near-deadlock the major parties had seen since the Civil War; the Republican dominance begun then would continue until 1932, another realigning election with the ascent of Franklin Roosevelt. The cartoon depicts President William McKinley as a minister conducting a wedding. Other McKinley appointees who later became major figures include Day, whom Roosevelt elevated to the Supreme Court where he remained nearly twenty years, and William Howard Taft, whom McKinley had made Governor-General of the Philippines and who succeeded Roosevelt as president. [135] Spain refused McKinley's proposals, and on April 11, McKinley turned the matter over to Congress. finish. [231] Republican Karl Rove exalted McKinley as the model for a sweeping political realignment behind George W. Bush in the 2000s[232]—a realignment that did not happen. On December 12, 1900, the City of Washington celebrated its one-hundredth anniversary as the seat of the federal government and the home of the president. [151] Shafter laid siege to the city of Santiago, which surrendered on July 17, placing Cuba under effective American control. [186] The only question about the Republican ticket concerned the vice presidential nomination; McKinley needed a new running mate as Hobart had died in late 1899. His relationship with Hayes, whom he considered his mentor, remained constant throughout his life. [40], After the war ended in 1865, McKinley decided on a career in the law and began studying in the office of an attorney in Poland, Ohio. [28] On May 9, the army engaged Confederate troops at Cloyd's Mountain, where the men charged the enemy entrenchments and drove the rebels from the field. [36] Crook's capture added to the confusion as the army was reorganized for the spring campaign, and McKinley served on the staffs of four different generals over the next fifteen days—Crook, John D. Stevenson, Samuel S. Carroll, and Winfield S. [49] By that time, Hayes had been nominated for president, and McKinley campaigned for him while running his own congressional campaign. [15] McKinley initially thought Scammon was a martinet, but when the regiment entered battle, he came to appreciate the value of their relentless drilling. [87], Hanna, on McKinley's behalf, met with the eastern Republican political bosses, such as Senators Thomas Platt of New York and Matthew Quay of Pennsylvania, who were willing to guarantee McKinley's nomination in exchange for promises regarding patronage and offices. [148] Following a skirmish at Las Guasimas on June 24, Shafter's army engaged the Spanish forces on July 2 in the Battle of San Juan Hill. Bryan had concentrated entirely on the silver issue, and had not appealed to urban workers. B) American slaves were receiving weapons from Spain. [156] Spain ultimately agreed to a ceasefire on those terms on August 12, and treaty negotiations began in Paris in September 1898. [131] On February 15, the Maine exploded and sank with 266 men killed. He had managed to get close to the presidential podium, but did not fire, uncertain of hitting his target. [16] Their first contact with the enemy came in September when they drove back Confederate troops at Carnifex Ferry in present-day West Virginia. Crook's corps was attached to Major General David Hunter's Army of the Shenandoah and soon back in contact with Confederate forces, capturing Lexington, Virginia, on June 11. Sherman had an outstanding reputation but old age was fast reducing his abilities. [120] Although McKinley was initially inclined to allow Long to choose his own assistant, there was considerable pressure on the President-elect to appoint Theodore Roosevelt, head of the New York City Police Commission and a published naval historian. [10] Among them were McKinley and his cousin William McKinley Osbourne, who enlisted as privates in the newly formed Poland Guards in June 1861. [140], Within a fortnight, the navy had its first victory when the Asiatic Squadron, led by Commodore George Dewey, destroyed the Spanish navy at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines. McKinley won the entire Northeast and Midwest; he won 51% of the vote and an ample majority in the Electoral College. [111] On November 3, 1896, the voters had their say. 11. [187] Many supporters recommended him to McKinley for the second spot on the ticket, and Roosevelt believed it would be an excellent stepping stone to the presidency in 1904. "[216] The stock market, faced with sudden uncertainty, suffered a steep decline—almost unnoticed in the mourning. I want to go, too. [48] Lynch, McKinley's opponent in the 1871 election, and his partner, William R. Day, were the opposing counsel, and the mine owners included Mark Hanna, a Cleveland businessman. The Department of the Interior followed suit in August 2015 as a part of a visit to Alaska by President Barack Obama. [167] The westerners were rescued the next month, but several Congressional Democrats objected to McKinley dispatching troops without consulting the legislature. With party peace in Ohio assured, McKinley turned to the national arena. In his final speech, McKinley urged reciprocity treaties with other nations to assure American manufacturers access to foreign markets. Although McKinley made some appointments of African Americans to low-level government posts, and received some praise for that, the appointments were less than they had received under previous Republican administrations.
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