Palestinians claim the barrier separates Palestinian communities from each other and that the construction plan is a de facto annexation of Palestinian territory. The PA should take all necessary steps to establish a clear and unchallenged chain of command for armed personnel operating under its authority. [55] During the first few days of riots, the IDF fired approximately 1.3 million bullets. [13] The visit itself was peaceful, but, as anticipated, it sparked protests and riots which the Israeli police put down with rubber bullets and tear gas. The violence continued on both sides throughout 2006. See Events on the Temple Mount – 29 September 2000: Interim Report. Study. Yet the construction of a new bilateral relationship solidifying and transcending an agreed cessation of violence requires intelligent risk-taking. of data collected from an extended period of the second Intifada was done to seek evidence that the model also applied in actual wartime decision making. The battle was eventually won by the IDF, after it employed a dozen Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozers to clear Palestinian booby traps, detonate explosive charges, and raze buildings and gun-posts; the bulldozers proved impervious to attacks by Palestinian militants.[100]. He stated on that day, "the Temple Mount is in our hands and will remain in our hands. The issue is, of course, controversial. 22 of those killed were targets of assassinations, and 141 were minors." There is only one way to peace, justice, and security in the Middle East, and that is through negotiation. According to their data, an additional 406 Palestinians were killed by actions of their own side. Car bombs were often used against "lightly hardened" targets such as Israeli armored jeeps and checkpoints. But it was poorly timed and the provocative effect should have been foreseen; indeed it was foreseen by those who urged that the visit be prohibited. Yet, even in such a close relationship there are some differences. Initially the boy's death and his father's wounding was attributed to Israeli soldiers. To define a starting point is for the parties to decide. Former Member and Majority Leader of the United States Senate, Warren B. Rudman [44] According to Juliana Ochs, Sharon's visit 'symbolically instigated' the second intifada. Due to its superior training, equipment, and numbers, the IDF had the upper hand during street fighting. The wave of attacks lessened support for the disengagement plan among the Israeli public. The PA must as it has at previous critical junctures take steps to reassure Israel on security matters. Israel next week will commemorate the start of what is widely known as the "Second Intifada," Yasser Arafat's four-and-a-half year war against Israel after signing two peace agreements with the Jewish state. The freezing of contacts came less than one week after Mahmoud Abbas was elected, and the day before his inauguration. Absolutely.”, On April 5, 2001, a U.S. State Department spokesman, speaking for the current administration, stated: “Continuing settlement activity does risk inflaming an already volatile situation in the region”; he described that activity as “provocative.”. Conducted as a single or double bombing, suicide bombings were generally conducted against "soft" targets, or "lightly hardened" targets (such as checkpoints) to try to raise the cost of the war to Israelis and demoralize the Israeli society. According to Human Rights Watch, over 1,500 houses were destroyed to create a large buffer zone in the city, many "in the absence of military necessity", displacing around sixteen thousand people.[114]. It seeks to promote a political outcome by spreading terror and demoralization throughout a population. Anything less than a complete effort by both parties to end the violence will render the effort itself ineffective, and will likely be interpreted by the other side as evidence of hostile intent. “In sum, Israel’s proposals at Camp David provided for Israel’s annexation of the best Palestinian lands, the perpetuation of Israeli control over East Jerusalem, a continued Israeli military presence on Palestinian territory, Israeli control over Palestinian natural resources, airspace and borders, and the return of fewer than 1% of refugees to their homes.”16. Each side has accused the other of violating specific undertakings and undermining the spirit of their commitment to resolving their political differences peacefully. On November 7, 2000, following consultations with the other participants, the President asked us to serve on what has come to be known as the Sharm el-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee. Concerning such confrontations, the GOI takes the position that “Israel is engaged in an armed conflict short of war. The GOI and IDF should adopt and enforce policies and procedures designed to ensure that the response to any gunfire emanating from Palestinian populated areas minimizes the danger to the lives and property of Palestinian civilians, bearing in mind that it is probably the objective of gunmen to elicit an excessive IDF response. To help rebuild confidence, the GOI and PA should jointly endorse and support the work of Israeli and Palestinian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) already involved in confidence-building through initiatives linking both sides. [76][77][78][79] The attack significantly hampered American attempts to negotiate cease-fire. Palestine Liberation Organization, Preliminary Submission of the Palestine Liberation Organization to the International Commission of Inquiry, December 8, 2000, p. 10. The IDF announced that at least 12 Qassam launchings had been thwarted and many terrorists hit during the operation. [238][239] This model of resistance has spread to other villages like Beit Sira,[240] Hebron, Saffa, and Ni'lein. During the half-century of its existence, Israel has had the strong support of the United States. Al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade . Ismail Haniyeh We were told by an Israeli Defense Force (IDF) intelligence officer that while the declaration itself was not definitive, it represented an “open-source” version of what was known to the IDF through “other means”; knowledge and means not shared by the IDF with the Committee. Two proud peoples share a land and a destiny. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is an ongoing dispute between Israelis and Palestinians. On 2 May, Palestinian militants attacked and shot dead a pregnant woman and her four young daughters. criticize the targeted killings for placing civilians at risk, though its supporters believe it reduces civilian casualties on both sides. [40], On 29 September 2001 Marwan Barghouti, the leader of the Fatah Tanzim in an interview to Al-Hayat, described his role in the lead up to the intifada.[170]. To achieve this, each party would have to implement agreed upon commitments and abstain from actions that would be seen by the other as attempts to abuse the process in order to predetermine the shape of the final outcome. Nayef Hawatmeh The measures have been taken for reasons of security. Israeli tanks shelled hundreds of Palestinian protesters approaching their positions, killing 10. On 14 July, Hamas started to shell Israeli settlements inside and outside the Gaza Strip with dozens of Qassam rockets, killing an Israeli woman. We have no basis on which to conclude that there was a deliberate plan by the PA to initiate a campaign of violence at the first opportunity; or to conclude that there was a deliberate plan by the [Government of Israel] to respond with lethal force. Palestinian civilians engaged in numerous acts of unarmed resistance during the second intifada. Prisoners and detainees:6,011 Palestinians were held in Israel as of the end of August 2010, the vast majority in facilities of the Israel Prisons Service, and a small number in IDF facilities. "[43], According to The New York Times, many in the Arab world, including Egyptians, Palestinians, Lebanese and Jordanians, point to Sharon's visit as the beginning of the Second Intifada and derailment of the peace process. [148] They often quote a speech made in December 2000 by Imad Falouji, the PA Communications Minister at the time, where he explains that the Intifada had been planned since Arafat's return from the Camp David Summit in July, far in advance of Sharon's visit. Corporal Gilad Shalit, an Israeli soldier, was captured and Israel warned of an imminent military response if the soldier was not returned unharmed. Then in September 2000 came the second Intifada. Ahmad Sa'adat (POW) During the first month of the Intifada, 141 Palestinians were killed and 5,984 were wounded, while 12 Israelis were killed and 65 wounded.[59]. We condemn hate language and incitement in all its forms. In addition, the army operates 37 permanent, staffed, around-the-clock checkpoints that are the last control points between the West Bank and Israeli sovereign territory. On 26 November 2006, a truce was implemented between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. It has used, and continues to use, terror and attrition as strategic tools.”13, The GOI has placed primacy on moving toward a Permanent Status Agreement in a nonviolent atmosphere, consistent with commitments contained in the agreements between the parties. Incensed, Palestinian militants launch a second intifada. It claims, however, that “Camp David represented nothing less than an attempt by Israel to extend the force it exercises on the ground to negotiations,”, and that “the failure of the summit, and the attempts to allocate blame on the Palestinian side only added to the tension on the ground…”, From the Palestinian perspective, the decision of Israel to characterize the current crisis as “an armed conflict short of war”, is simply a means “to justify its assassination policy, its collective punishment policy, and its use of lethal force.”, From the Israeli perspective, “The Palestinian leadership have instigated, orchestrated and directed the violence. In addition to numerous shooting and grenade attacks, that month saw 15 suicide bombings carried out in Israel, an average of one bombing every two days. But Israelis hold the view that the PA’s leadership has made no real effort over the past seven months to prevent anti-Israeli terrorism. Throughout the Second Intifada Israel's public and political class overwhelmingly supported IDF escalation. Accordingly, we have no basis on which to conclude that there was a deliberate plan by the PA to initiate a campaign of violence at the first opportunity; or to conclude that there was a deliberate plan by the GOI to respond with lethal force. The Palestine Liberation Organization, according to the same report, denied that the Intifada was planned, and asserted that "Camp David represented nothing less than an attempt by Israel to extend the force it exercises on the ground to negotiations." CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): Abstract: This paper examines how violence in the Second Intifada influences Palestinian public opinion. Israel criticized what it described as a practice of militant leaders hiding among civilians in densely populated areas, thus turning them into unwitting human shields. On 17 January 2001, Israeli teenager Ofir Rahum was murdered after being lured into Ramallah by a 24-year-old Palestinian, Mona Jaud Awana, a member of Fatah's Tanzim. Before the second intifada, some $500 million a year was provided in aid; the average annual figure for the last four years is more than $1 billion, about $310 a person, the highest per capita . ... Hamas and Islamic Jihad have frequently placed bombs in public places, usually within Israel, in order to kill and maim large numbers of Israeli civilians in a random manner. From 11 to 25 July 2000, the Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David was held between United States President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat. During this mission our aim has been to fulfill the mandate agreed at Sharm el-Sheikh. Economic and Social Impact of Violence: Further restrictions on the movement of people and goods have been imposed by Israel on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Nevertheless, if the cycle of violence is to be broken and the search for peace resumed, there needs to be a new bilateral relationship incorporating both security cooperation and negotiations. Sniper towers were used extensively in the Gaza Strip before the Israeli pullout. The police station where the lynching had taken place was evacuated and destroyed in these operations. [109] The IDF reported that 23 Israeli soldiers had been killed and 75 wounded during the battle.[105][110]. Nofal recounts that Arafat "told us, Now we are going to the fight, so we must be ready". Here is a summary of the figures presented in the article: The article does not say whether those killed were combatants or not. The GOI and the PA must act swiftly and decisively to halt the violence. Attacks on Israeli Civilians by Palestinians, Demolition for Alleged Military Necessity, The Occupied Territories and International Law, This is apartheid: The Israeli regime promotes and perpetuates Jewish supremacy between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid, Communities east of the barrier that are completely or partially surrounded**. We also acknowledge the PA’s fear that, with security cooperation in hand, the GOI may not be disposed to deal forthrightly with Palestinian political concerns. It was loaded with rockets, weapons, and ammunition. This should be the basis for resuming full and meaningful negotiations. Vadim Novesche and First Cpl. The PA should prevent gunmen from using Palestinian populated areas to fire upon Israeli populated areas and IDF positions. My Jewish Learning is a not-for-profit and relies on your help. In 1993, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Israel met in Oslo for the first face-to-face negotiations; they led to mutual recognition and the Declaration of Principles (signed by the parties in Washington, D.C. on September 13, 1993), which provided a road map to reach the destination agreed in Madrid. The act was investigated by the IDF, but the commander was cleared of all wrongdoing,[121][122] and more recently, was fully vindicated when a Jerusalem district court found the claim to be libellous, ruled that NIS 300,000 be paid by the journalist and TV company responsible for the report, an additional NIS 80,000 to be paid in legal fees and required the journalist and television company to air a correction. During this mission our aim has been to fulfill the mandate agreed at Sharm el-Sheikh. The Government of Israel (GOI) and the Palestinian Authority (PA) must act swiftly and decisively to halt the violence. After twenty-seven months of the second Palestinian intifada, 1,972 Palestinians and 694 Israelis had died, and over 20,000 Palestinians and some 5,000 Israelis had been injured.1 This The restoration of trust is essential, and the parties should take affirmative steps to this end. The GOI should also give careful consideration to whether settlements that are focal points for substantial friction are valuable bargaining chips for future negotiations or provocations likely to preclude the onset of productive talks. The stand-off was resolved by the deportation to Europe of 13 Palestinian militants whom the IDF had identified as terrorists, and the IDF ended its 38-day stand-off with the militants inside the church. On 13 February 2005, Abbas entered into talks with the leaders of the Islamic Jihad and the Hamas, for them to rally behind him and respect the truce. The parties are at a crossroads. These events do not fall within the mandate of this Committee and are the subject of an official GOI inquiry. I finished and went to al-Aqsa in the morning.... We tried to create clashes without success because of the differences of opinion that emerged with others in the al-Aqsa compound at the time.... After Sharon left, I remained for two hours in the presence of other people, we discussed the manner of response and how it was possible to react in all the cities (bilad) and not just in Jerusalem. The GOI should freeze all settlement activity, including the “natural growth” of existing settlements. Shortly before the second intifada I have visited Gaza a couple of times. Such outside assistance should be by mutual consent, should not threaten good bilateral working arrangements, and should not act as a tribunal or interpose between the parties. From the perspective of the GOI, the demonstrations were organized and directed by the Palestinian leadership to create sympathy for their cause around the world by provoking Israeli security forces to fire upon demonstrators, especially young people. Munitions being stored on the site were destroyed, and a civilian guard was injured. Recent history of Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict (Israeli-Palestinian Conflict) from the Oslo agreement to the current events of the peace process and Intifada. The Government of Israel (GOI) and the Palestinian Authority (PA) must act swiftly and decisively to halt the violence. Summary. We are asking political leaders to do, for the sake of their people, the politically difficult: to lead without knowing how many will follow. Using micro data from a series of opinion polls linked to data on fatalities, we find that Israeli violence against Palestinians leads them to support more radical factions and more radical attitudes towards the conflict. Operation Summer Rains commenced, the first major phase of the Gaza–Israel conflict, which continues to run independently of the intifada. Much of the ground fighting was conducted house-to-house by well-armed and well-trained infantry. Using public opinion poll micro data linked to data on fatalities, we find that although Israeli violence discourages Palestinians from supporting moderate political positions, this "radicalization " is . To stop the violence now, the PA and GOI need not “reinvent the wheel.” Rather, they should take immediate steps to end the violence, reaffirm their mutual commitments, and resume negotiations. The PA should renew cooperation with Israeli security agencies to ensure, to the maximum extent possible, that Palestinian workers employed within Israel are fully vetted and free of connections to organizations and individuals engaged in terrorism. Palestinians see settlers and settlements in their midst not only as violating the spirit of the Oslo process, but also as an application of force in the form of Israel’s overwhelming military superiority, which sustains and protects the settlements. [174], There is little dispute as to the total number of Palestinians killed by Israelis. [183], Prior to 2003, B'Tselem's methodology differentiated between civilians and members of Palestinian military groups, rather than between combatants and non-combatants, leading to criticism from some pro-Israel sources. The PA and GOI should resume their efforts to identify, condemn and discourage incitement in all its forms. The scene assumed iconic status, as it was shown around the world and repeatedly broadcast on Arab television. But Israelis hold the view that the PA’s leadership has made no real effort over the past seven months to prevent anti-Israeli terrorism. "Immediately after the failure of the Camp David [negotiations], I met him in Paris upon his return.... Camp David had failed, and he said to me, 'You should remain in Paris.' [14], High numbers of casualties were caused among civilians as well as combatants. We are particularly concerned that, absent effective, transparent security cooperation, terrorism and other acts of violence will continue and may be seen as officially sanctioned whether they are or not. It is the name of a mosque, constructed in the 8th century CE at Al-Haram Al-Sharif, also known as the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, a location considered the holiest site in Judaism and third holiest in Islam. We note that international forces deployed in this region have been or are in a position to fulfill their mandates and make a positive contribution only when they were deployed with the consent of all of the parties involved. [34], Shortly after Sharon left the site, angry demonstrations by Palestinian Jerusalemites outside erupted into rioting. 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