what prompted the outbreak of the second intifada?

... passing through the “internal” checkpoints in the West Bank that have strangled the Palestinian economy since the outbreak of the second intifada in late 2000, and the only other allusion to the system of closure imposed by the Israeli army upon Palestinian towns and … Yet, Israel will continue to receive more than $3 billion from American taxpayers each year, with $2.22 billion of it in military aid alone. [174] The Haaretz article reported: "There is a discrepancy of two or three casualties with the figures tabulated by the Israel Defense Forces.". Erez explained to me that on the first day of Rosh HaShanah, Palestinian Arabs together with their Israeli counterparts had launched what they called the Second Intifada in protest to a visit by then-Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The Sharon visit did not cause the "Al-Aqsa Intifada". [247] Israel was criticized for the use of helicopter gunships in urban assassinations, which often resulted in civilian casualties. Some of the many causes of death are crossfire, factional fighting, kidnappings, collaboration, etc. They switched to live ammunition after the chief of Jerusalem's police force was knocked unconscious by a stone and killed four Palestinian youths. The tactic of military "curfew" – long-term lockdown of civilian areas – was used extensively by Israel throughout the Intifada. [253] Even though Israel is a developed industrial country, it has remained as the largest annual recipient of US foreign assistance since 1976. The first intifada in 1987 was called “the intifada of stones,” the second in 2000 “the al-Aqsa intifada.” ... damage and death this battle has caused. Some consider 8 February 2005 to be the official end of the Second Intifada, although sporadic violence still continued outside PA control or condolence. While it is possible that the person killed had not been active in the fighting and just happened to be in the vicinity of people who were, it is reasonable to assume that the number of such coincidental deaths is not particularly high. [56], According to Amnesty International the early Palestinian casualties were those taking part in demonstrations or bystanders. Under the Oslo Accords, signed in 1993 and 1995, Israel committed to the phased withdrawal of its forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank, and affirmed the Palestinian right to self-government within those areas through the creation of a Palestinian Authority. [108] According to Human Rights Watch, 140 buildings had been destroyed. . In response, the European Monitoring On 30 April 2001, seven Palestinian militants were killed in an explosion, one of them a participant in Ofir Rahum's murder. Shaul Mofaz Israel extensively used targeted killings, the assassinations of Palestinians involved in organizing attacks against Israelis, to eliminate imminent threats and to deter others from following suit, relying primarily on airstrikes and covert operations by Shin Bet to carry them out. In Hebron, a Palestinian sniper killed ten-month-old Israeli baby Shalhevet Pass. In response to repeated shelling of Israeli communities with Qassam rockets and mortar shells from Gaza, the IDF operated mainly in Rafah – to search and destroy smuggling tunnels used by militants to obtain weapons, ammunition, fugitives, cigarettes, car parts, electrical goods, foreign currency, gold, drugs, and cloth from Egypt. The international community has long taken an involvement in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and this involvement has only increased during the al-Aqsa Intifada. [43][47][48] Up to 200 Palestinians and police were injured. A classic example worth raising in this context is the myth that Ariel Sharon’s visit to the Temple Mount on Sept. 28, 2000 caused the outbreak of the Second (“Al-Aqsa”) Intifada, more aptly described as the more than four-year suicide-bombing war against innocent Israelis. [165] al-Zahar is corroborated by Mosab Hassan Yousef, son of the Hamas founder and leader, Sheikh Hassan Yousef, who claims that the Second Intifada was a political maneuver premeditated by Arafat. Not since the outbreak of the Second Intifada two decades ago has the symbolism of Jerusalem been in such sharp focus. According to Human Rights Watch, over 1,500 houses were destroyed to create a large buffer zone in the city, many "in the absence of military necessity", displacing around sixteen thousand people.[114]. Conducted as a single or double bombing, suicide bombings were generally conducted against "soft" targets, or "lightly hardened" targets (such as checkpoints) to try to raise the cost of the war to Israelis and demoralize the Israeli society. On 10 December, in response to Hamas firing mortar rounds into the Neveh Dekalim settlement in the Gaza Strip and wounding four Israelis (including an 8-year-old boy), Israeli soldiers fired at the Khan Younis refugee camp (the origin of the mortars) killing a seven-year-old girl. They note that there were Israeli casualties as early as 27 September; this is the Israeli "conventional wisdom", according to Jeremy Pressman, and the view expressed by the Israeli Foreign Ministry. Some features of the site may not work correctly. [151][152][54][153][154] Most mainstream media outlets have taken the view that the Sharon visit was the spark that triggered the rioting at the start of the Second Intifada. On September 28, 2000, Likud leader Ariel Sharon went to visit the Temple Mount – Judaism’s holiest place, which Muslims have renamed Haram al-Sharif and regard as Islam’sthird holiest place. He also told Barak that "continu(ing) to fire from helicopters on people throwing rocks" and refusing an international inquiry was tantamount to rejecting Arafat's offer to participate in trilateral negotiations. Ten days earlier the Palestinians had observed their annual memorial day for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. [12] The general triggers for the violence were proposed as the failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit to reach final agreement on the Israeli-Palestinian peace process in July 2000. In this nuanced and detailed study of newspaper reporting during the escalation of the second Intifada in the fall of 2000, Daniel Dor shows how real events are subject to distortion and manipulation by the media. Found inside – Page 392In Israel, the outbreak of the second intifada prompted some women to engage in actions directed at their own society and especially the mechanism ... There are so many lessons we can draw from it, fatal mistakes to rue, and many disappointments and personal traumas to nurse. I finished and went to al-Aqsa in the morning.... We tried to create clashes without success because of the differences of opinion that emerged with others in the al-Aqsa compound at the time.... After Sharon left, I remained for two hours in the presence of other people, we discussed the manner of response and how it was possible to react in all the cities (bilad) and not just in Jerusalem. Arafat's widow Suha Arafat reportedly said on Dubai television in December 2012 that her husband had planned the uprising. Amnesty International's report on the first year of the Intifada states: The overwhelming majority of cases of unlawful killings and injuries in Israel and the Occupied Territories have been committed by the IDF using excessive force. He started his term with a military campaign in the Palestinian self-rule territories. Found inside – Page 158... the Likud candidate for the post ofthe Prime Minister, provoked the outbreak of the Second Intifada by visiting the Muslim holy site Haram Al-Sharif, ... But did you know there was a First Intifada, in 1987-1991? There were 870 (18.5%) who B'Tselem defines as "Palestinians who were killed by Israeli security forces and it is not known if they were taking part in the hostilities". [9] "Remember These Children" reports that as of 1 February 2008, 119 Israeli children, age 17 and under, had been killed by Palestinians. To this day there is no good explanation for the intifada’s vitality and survivability in the face of the price it exacted from the Palestinians in human life and material resources. Both Israel and the US promoted the idea that Arafat was deeply involved in terror and an obstacle to the peace process. She had contacted Ofir on the internet and engaged in an online romance with him for several months. Al-Aqsa Intifada Extreme violence, known as Intifada II, erupted in the Holy Land on September 29, 2000. I asked him why, and he said, 'Because I am going to start an intifada. On 28 September, Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon and a Likud party delegation guarded by hundreds of Israeli riot police visited the Temple Mount which is widely considered the third holiest site in Islam. It is disputed however whether Arafat himself gave direct orders for the outbreak, though he did not intervene to put a brake on it[28] A personal advisor to Arafat, Manduh Nufal, claimed in early 2001 that the Palestinian Authority had played a crucial role in the outbreak of the Intifada. It was discovered that top officials in the Palestinian Authority were involved in the smuggling, with the Israelis pointing the finger towards Yasser Arafat as also being involved. Due to its superior training, equipment, and numbers, the IDF had the upper hand during street fighting. An investigation committee, headed by Supreme Court Justice Theodor Or, reviewed the violent riots and found that the police were poorly prepared to handle such riots and charged major officers with bad conduct. In 1987, the first intifada was triggered when an Israeli truck collided with two Palestinian vans, killing four passengers. What happened during this time? [151][152], Some have claimed that Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Authority (PA) had pre-planned the Intifada. On 21 October, the Israeli Air Force killed Adnan al-Ghoul, a senior Hamas bomb maker and the inventor of the Qassam rocket. The protests were against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza that had begun twenty years prior, in 1967. The stand-off was resolved by the deportation to Europe of 13 Palestinian militants whom the IDF had identified as terrorists, and the IDF ended its 38-day stand-off with the militants inside the church. The strategy of targeted killings had been proposed by Shin Bet, which determined that while it was impossible to stop every single suicide bomber, suicide bombings could be stopped by directly attacking the conspiratorial infrastructure behind them by killing operational commanders, recruiters, couriers, weapons procurers, maintainers of safehouses, and smugglers of money which financed the bombings. The Sharm el-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee (an investigatory committee set up to look into the causes behind the breakdown in the peace process, chaired by George J. Mitchell) published its report in May 2001. The numbers of the poor have tripled from 637,000 in September 2000 to nearly 2 million today. On 29 September, after a Qassam rocket hit the Israeli town of Sderot and killed two Israeli children, the IDF launched Operation Days of Penitence in the north of the Gaza Strip. Thirty years ago, on Wednesday, December 9, 1987, at 6 a.m., the First Intifada broke out in the Jabalya refugee camp in the northern Gaza Strip. [59], According to Nathan Thrall, from Elliott Abrams's inside accounts of negotiations between 2001 and 2005, it would appear to be an inescapable conclusion that violence played an effective role in shaking Israeli complacency and furthering Palestinian goals: the U.S. endorsed the idea of a Palestinian State, Ariel Sharon became the first Israeli Prime Minister to affirm the same idea, and even spoke of Israel's "occupation", and the bloodshed was such that Sharon also decided to withdraw from Gaza, an area he long imagined Israel keeping. The Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) declared 6 October 2000 “a day of rage,” urging Palestinians to attack Israeli army outposts in the occupied territories. Beginning in 2004, after the mainstream peace movement collapsed, Maia Hallward spent most of a year observing the work of seven such groups on both sides of the conflict. [235] Other groups, such as the International Solidarity Movement openly advocate non-violent resistance. Israel currently receives $3 billion in annual military aid from the United States, excluding loan guarantees. "[190], An intensification of the Gaza–Israel conflict, the Gaza war, occurred on 27 December 2008 (11:30 a.m. local time; 09:30 UTC)[191] when Israel launched a military campaign codenamed Operation Cast Lead (Hebrew: מבצע עופרת יצוקה‎) targeting the members and infrastructure of Hamas in response to the numerous rocket attacks upon Israel from the Gaza Strip. [251] The blockade has been internationally criticized as a form of "collective punishment" against Gaza's civilian population.[252]. Israel's enormous military arsenal (endlessly renewed by the US) reinforces this reliance on the use of force. They want me to give up on our principles, and I will not do so,'" the research institute [MEMRI] translated Suha as saying. “The outbreak of violence in late 2000, dubbed by Arabs the al-Aqsa intifada, was provoked by Ariel Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount.”. Footnote 16 Still, Israel began dedicating resources to preventing suicide attacks during 2003. From a 28 December Haaretz article:[208] "According to the report, about half of the Palestinians killed, 322, did not take part in the hostilities at the time they were killed. Utilizing four, Abstract This paper synthesizes interrelated postulations from the systemic conflict and intergroup conflict theorizations to glean the societal conflict conceptual framework. Found inside – Page 11... which was produced by a committee led by former U.S. Senator George Mitchell, investigated the reasons for the outbreak of the second Intifada. According to Palestinian negotiators, Israel’s offer at Camp David did not remove many of the vestiges of the Israeli occupation in terms of land, security, settlements, and Jerusalem. [174], There is little dispute as to the total number of Palestinians killed by Israelis. Its root is an Arabic word meaning "the shaking off." In 1987, the first intifada was triggered when an Israeli truck collided with two Palestinian vans, killing four passengers. The first Intifada was sparked by ―. Until February 2005, Israel had in place a policy to demolish the family homes of suicide bombers after giving them a notice to evacuate. [97] Most of the casualties were members of Palestinian security forces and militant groups. The two uprisings resulted in the death of more than 5,000 Palestinians and some 1,400 Israelis. The freezing of contacts came less than one week after Mahmoud Abbas was elected, and the day before his inauguration. [129] The general views is that it ended in 2005, while some sources include events and statistic for the intifada as far as 2007. What prompted the outbreak of the second intifada? [28] Some 40,000 armed and trained Palestinians existed in the occupied territories. The IDF made sweeping incursions throughout the West Bank, and into numerous Palestinian cities. Ahmed Qurei (Abu Ala) was appointed to replace him. The Israeli government gave up hope for negotiated settlement to the conflict and pursued a unilateral policy of physically separating Israel from Palestinian communities by beginning construction on the Israeli West Bank barrier. The scene assumed iconic status, as it was shown around the world and repeatedly broadcast on Arab television. Erez explained to me that on the first day of Rosh HaShanah, Palestinian Arabs together with their Israeli counterparts had launched what they called the Second Intifada in protest to a visit by then-Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Yossi Beilin, peace advocate and architect of the Oslo Accords and the Geneva Accord, also rejected the proposed withdrawal plan. criticize the targeted killings for placing civilians at risk, though its supporters believe it reduces civilian casualties on both sides. Four Palestinians, three of them militants, were killed in gun battles during an IDF raid of Askar near Nablus involving tanks and armoured personnel carriers (APCs); an Israeli soldier was killed by one of the militants. [73] USA Today reported that, according to the police, both boys had "been bound, stabbed and beaten to death with rocks." The targeting of a Hamas leader in the middle of a densely populated centre was widely criticised. Found inside – Page 55... process) appeared moribund following the outbreak of the Second Intifada. These factors caused many Israeli Arabs to feel alienated from the political ... Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat, confirming the news, declared "You cannot hold Mahmoud Abbas accountable when he hasn't even been inaugurated yet. [177][178] The Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA), which said that B'Tselem repeatedly classified Arab combatants and terrorists as civilian casualties. It is the name of a mosque, constructed in the 8th century CE at Al-Haram Al-Sharif, also known as the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, a location considered the holiest site in Judaism and third holiest in Islam. [33] Israel asserted its control by incorporating East Jerusalem into Jerusalem in 1980, and the compound is the holiest site in Judaism. See Ben Kaspit, "Jewish New Year 2002—the Second Anniversary of the Intifada,", "Hamas slammed the silent and still Arab position on Gaza massacre" –, "it's impossible to contain the Arab and Islamic world after the Gaza massacre" –, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (, Construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, Sharm el-Sheikh Summit on 8 February 2005, incorporating East Jerusalem into Jerusalem, 2001 special election to the Prime Ministership, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1397, Siege of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, bombed an alleged former Palestinian training base, shot dead a pregnant woman and her four young daughters, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Civilian casualties in the Second Intifada, Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America, International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, Timeline of the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, Graph 1: Thwarted attacks (yellow) vs successful attacks (red), Graph 2: Suicide bombing within the "green line" per quarter, United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, House demolition in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, List of Israeli civilian casualties in the Second Intifada, List of Palestinian civilian casualties in the Second Intifada, Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2000, Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2001, Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2002, Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2003, Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2004, Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2005, Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2006, Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2007, Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2008, Saddam: 'İsrail'e sınırımız olsa çoktan girmiştik', "The need for a decisive Israeli victory over Hamas", "Breakdown of Fatalities: 27 September 2000 through 1 January 2005", International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, "An Engineered Tragedy: Statistical Analysis of Casualties in the Palestinian - Israeli Conflict, September 2000 - September 2002", "Field Update on Gaza from the Humanitarian Coordinator", United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities 29.9.2000-15.1.2005, "Terrorism Against Israel: Comprehensive Listing of Fatalities (September 1993 - Present)", "In West Bank, 'Time' for Settlements Is Clearly Not 'Out, "Palestinian Parliament Expected to Not Declare an Independent Palestinian State", "Extraordinary Increase in Settlement Construction as Diplomacy Falters", "Housing Starts in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip Settlements*, 1990-2003", "The Middle East Crisis: Camp David, the 'Al-Aqsa Intifada' and the Prospects for the Peace Process", "Palestinians And Israelis in a Clash at Holy Site", https://books.google.com/books?id=KRKsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73, "On This Day: 'Provocative' mosque visit sparks riots", "Unapologetic, Sharon Rejects Blame for Igniting Violence", "Israeli's Tour of Holy Site Ignites Riot; Palestinians Angered By Test of Sovereignty in Jerusalem's Old City", "Palestinians say opposition tour of holy site could cause bloodshed", "Few Kind Words for Sharon in the Arab World", "Battle at Jerusalem Holy Site Leaves 4 Dead and 200 Hurt", "4 Dead, Scores Wounded in Jerusalem Clashes", "CNN's Jerrold Kessel on continuing violence in the Mideast", "Israel and the Occupied Territories: Excessive use of lethal force", "Israel and the Occupied Territories: Broken Lives – A Year of Intifada", "A conversation with Colonel Kamel al-Sheikh, Ramallah's chief of police, amid the ruins of his police station, where two Israeli soldiers were lynched by an angry mob last week", "The October Violence: An Interim Assessment", "Israeli copters retaliate for soldiers' deaths", "Two Israeli boys found bludgeoned to death", "No. Palestinian talks, and the outbreak of the second intifada has been far less inºuential in Israel and the United States. Sharon's right-wing coalition partners National Religious Party and National Union rejected the plan and vowed to quit the government if it were implemented. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Israel's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip, announced in June 2004 and completed in August 2005, is also cited, for instance by Ramzy Baroud. Abu Ali Mustafa † [173] B'Tselem maintains a list of deaths of Palestinians killed by Palestinians with details about the circumstances of the deaths. From their full report in September 2002: A 'probable combatant' is someone killed at a location and at a time during which an armed confrontation was going on, who appears most likely – but not certain – to have been an active participant in the fighting. On the fourth day, 20 Palestinians were killed by Israeli bullets, missiles, tanks, and helicopters, including the 12-year-old Palestinian Mohammad al-Dura, who was killed in front of TV cameras by the Israelis as he was hiding behind his father. Israel’s Arab citizens were taking to the streets at the time to express their solidarity with Palestinians killed by Israeli forces in protests prompted by opposition leader Ariel Sharon’s controversial visit several days earlier to the Temple Mount – an event widely viewed as … On 11 November, Yasser Arafat died in Paris. Operation Summer Rains commenced, the first major phase of the Gaza–Israel conflict, which continues to run independently of the intifada. [13] The violence started in September 2000, after Ariel Sharon made a highly provocative visit to the Temple Mount. The Islamist group Hamas won with an unexpected majority of 74 seats, compared to 45 seats for Fatah and 13 for other parties and independents. A total of 41 Palestinian militants and 12 civilians were killed in the operation, and about 45–56 Palestinian structures were demolished. Going far beyond a military account, Segev re-creates the crisis in Israel before 1967, showing how economic recession, a full grasp of the Holocaust's horrors, and the dire threats made by neighbor states combined to produce a climate of ... Agreements and failures of American diplomacy. The following project focuses on the last four years of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, starting with the outbreak of the Palestinian II Intifada in September 2000. an accident in The paper employs this, The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has a complex history. Both organizations have fostered a cult of martyrdom and frequently use suicide bombers. Read this book using Google Play Books app on your PC, android, iOS devices. The plotters of the bus suicide bombing were all captured or killed and Hamas leadership in Hebron was badly damaged by the IDF. Israel has also used helicopter gunships to carry out extrajudicial executions and to fire at targets that resulted in the killing of civilians, including children. It would be simplistic to attribute the demise of the Oslo peace process to only one cause, but the centrality of the Second Intifada to this catastrophic outcome can hardly be disputed. The Palestine Liberation Organization, according to the same report, denied that the Intifada was planned, and asserted that "Camp David represented nothing less than an attempt by Israel to extend the force it exercises on the ground to negotiations." [148] They often quote a speech made in December 2000 by Imad Falouji, the PA Communications Minister at the time, where he explains that the Intifada had been planned since Arafat's return from the Camp David Summit in July, far in advance of Sharon's visit. [62][63] A British journalist had his camera destroyed by rioters as he attempted to take a picture. Arafat was put under siege in his Ramallah compound. For the Second Sahrawi Intifada, see, 2000–2005 Palestinian uprising against Israel, Earlier estimates gave a million bullets and projectiles shot by Israeli forces in the first few days, 700,000 in the West Bank and 300,000 in the Gaza strip. Directly connected to the Second Intifada and its aftermath: This article is about the Second Palestinian Intifada. It failed with the latter two blaming each other for the failure of the talks. 2000 Fall - Second Intifada, Students Evacuated to Greece. Approximately 1.5 tons of explosives were detonated in a tunnel under an Israeli military-controlled border crossing on the Egyptian border with Gaza near Rafah, collapsing several structures and damaging others. Hundreds complain that hair products caused balding, sores and itching ... would lead to the second intifada. B'Tselem reports[173] that through 30 April 2008, out of 4,745 Palestinians killed by Israeli security forces, there were 1,671 "Palestinians who took part in the hostilities and were killed by Israeli security forces", or 35.2%. Sharon also agreed to release 900 Palestinian prisoners of the 7,500 being held at the time,[20] and to withdraw from West Bank towns that had been reoccupied during the intifada. In August 2004, Israel said that an advanced explosives-detection device employed by the IDF at the Hawara checkpoint near Nablus discovered a Palestinian ambulance had transported explosive material. In one of the attacks on Gaza, an Israeli F-16 warplane fired a missile into a Gaza City neighbourhood and killed at least 11 people, including many children, and a Hamas leader Salah Shahada, the target of the strike. The 12 June Murder of Georgios Tsibouktzakis by Palestinian snipers was later tied to Marwan Barghouti.[80]. 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