President Roosevelt approves a plan for spending $85 million for a weapon development program.Due to continuing and increasing organizational problems, Col. James Marshall is ordered by Brig.
It is already apparent that the original construction program is inadequate to meet needs.A series of staff conferences among the roughly 100 scientific staff members are held at Los Alamos, NM.
Robert Oppenheimer proposes that a "fast-neutron lab" to study fast neutron physics and develop designs for an atomic bomb be created. The amount of explosive energy released by Tsar Bomba amounted to all of the explosives used during World War II multiplied by ten!Shot Frigate Bird is the only US ballistic missile tested with a live nuclear warhead.US military conducts Shot Yukon of Operation Dominic, a 100 kiloton fission bomb.The US conducts its last atmospheric nuclear test during Operation Storax.The Cuban Missile Crisis begins after surveillance photos taken by a routine U-2 flight over Cuba show Soviet Medium-Range Ballistic Missiles on the island.US military conducts Shot Chama of Operation Dominic, a relatively light weight, small diameter hydrogen bomb meant to fit onto an ICBM.
M. Sundt Company is appointed contractor to build Los Alamos Laboratory in a handshake deal. Preliminary construction work begins soon after.At Col. Leslie Groves' insistence the Manhattan Project is granted approval by the War Production Board to use the highest emergency procurement priority in existence (AAA) when needed.Col. The Able test yielded 23 kilotons.The U.S. military conducts Shot Baker of Operation Crossroads, a 23 kiloton standard "Fat Man" stockpile weapon exploded underwater at Bikini Atoll.
Oppenheimer emerges as a natural leader. Gen. Henry Arnold, US Army Air Force, launches the largest raid on Japan of the war with over 1000 B-29s and other aircraft, carrying 6000 tons of bombs.Following leaflet bombing of Tokyo with surrender terms, Hirohito orders that an Imperial Edict accepting surrender be issued. Also, Nazi Germany surrenders to the Allies.General procedures for atomic bombing are completed by D.M. This demonstrates that a chain reaction is indeed possible.Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard submit a paper to Physical Review describing subcritical neutron multiplication in a lattice of uranium oxide in water, but it is clear that natural uranium and water cannot make a self-sustaining reaction.Leo Szilard writes to Fermi describing the idea of using a uranium lattice in carbon (graphite) to create a chain reaction.Pres. Col. Paul Tibbets briefs the 509th Composite Group about the impending attack.
Within a few minutes, he realizes that excess neutrons must be emitted, and that it might be possible to build a bomb.Otto Hahn submits a paper to Naturwissenschaften conclusively showing the production of radioactive barium from neutron irradiated uranium.Otto Frisch and his aunt Lise Meitner correctly interpret Hahn's results as evidence that the uranium nucleus had split in two (Fission).Leo Szilard hears about the discovery of fission from Eugene Wigner. Also, Dummy Fat Man unit F33 (complete except for plutonium core) is prepared for practice bombing run.0000: Final briefing, the target of choice is Hiroshima. Robert Oppenheimer projects that 100 g of 25% enriched U-235 will be produced by Electromagnetic Separation by 1 Jan. 1944.By the end of the March planning sessions, the necessity of including ordnance development activity at Los Alamos was apparent. Fermi's efforts now shifts from demonstrating feasibility to securing graphite and uranium of adequate purity and in sufficient quantity to build the reactor.Glenn Seaborg arrives in Chicago and starts work on developing an industrial-scale plutonium separation and purification process.
conducts Shot Franklin of Operation Plumbbob, a 140 ton weapon that was projected to yield 2 kilotons but instead fizzled.U.S.
Kellex Corporation, a subsidiary of Kellog is created to build a plant, Percival Keith is put in charge.
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