All rights reserved. China employs a robust space-based ISR capability designed to enhance its worldwide situational awareness. The space program supports both civil and military interests, including strengthening its science and technology sector, international relationships, and military modernization efforts. China has developed a large constellation of imaging and remote sensing satellites under a variety of mission families. © This capability supports both space operations and counterspace systems.Both states are developing jamming and cyberspace capabilities, directed energy weapons, on-orbit capabilities, and ground-based antisatellite missiles that can achieve a range of reversible to nonreversible effects.Iran and North Korea also pose a challenge to militaries using space-enabled services, as each has demonstrated jamming capabilities. "However, many uncertainties remain, which only underscores the importance of building a military dialogue with China that is sustained and substantive," he told reporters.The nearly 100-page document, "Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2013," flags a number of In 2012, China launched 11 new remote sensing satellites, which can perform both civil and military applications. This would seem to give the Chinese an interest comparable to U.S. interests in the survivability and resilience of space resources, he said. The organization is planning on improving optical system capabilities, coverage, and redundancy.129,130and deployment by targeting network-based command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR), logistics, and commercial activitiesThe PLA also plays a role in cyberespionage targeting foreign space entities, consistent with broader state-sponsored industrial and technical espionage to increase the level of technologies and expertise available to support military research and development and acquisition. Compared to medium- and heavy-lift SLVs, these quick response SLVs are capable of expedited launch campaigns because they are transportable via road or rail and can be stored launch-ready for longer periods. "As important, though, there is alsono reason to think that the PLA is somehow doing this in defiance of, or without the knowledge of, the Chinese government. These improvements can pose a threat to space-based services across the military, commercial, and civil space sectors.“To explore the vast cosmos, develop the space industry, and build China into a space power is a dream we pursue unremittingly.”China has devoted significant economic and political resources to growing all aspects of its space program, from improving military space applications to developing human spaceflight and lunar exploration programs. The Oct. 8 report, “Space Situational Efforts and Planned Budgets,” makes no recommendations to the Pentagon or to Congress.Tracking spending across multiple agencies on a common activity is a difficult task, made much more so because for some organizations, such as the Missile Defense Agency, space surveillance is a secondary mission and is not accounted for separately. Used for military and civil remote sensing and mapping, terrestrial and maritime surveillance, and military intelligence collection, China’s ISR satellites are capable of providing electro-optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, as well as electronic intelligence and signals intelligence data.90China is continuing to improve its indigenous satellite navigation constellation.
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