A number of epidemics, notably The severing of workers' hands achieved particular international notoriety. Together with epidemic disease, famine, and a falling birth rate caused by these disruptions, the atrocities contributed to a sharp decline in the Congolese population. no reputable historian of the Congo has made charges of genocide; a forced labor system, although it may be equally deadly, is different. Belgian crowds booed at his funeral in 1909 to express their dissatisfaction with his rule of the Congo. In one such march 108 boys were sent over to a mission school and only 62 survived, eight of whom died a week later.Indigenous Congolese were not the only ones put to work by the free state. Native states, notably The presence of rubber companies such as ABIR exacerbated the effect of natural disasters such as famine and disease.
These were sometimes cut off by Determined to look for a colony for himself and inspired by recent reports from central Africa, Leopold began patronising a number of leading explorers, including In the early years of the colony, much of the administration's attention was focused on consolidating its control by fighting the African peoples on the colony's periphery who resisted colonial rule. These included the tribes around the The Free State was intended, above all, to be profitable for its investors and Leopold in particular.In order to facilitate economic extraction from the colony, land was divided up under the so-called Domain System (With the majority of the Free State's revenues derived from the export of rubber, a labour policy—known by critics as the "Red Rubber system"—was created to maximise its extraction. These atrocities were particularly associated with the labour policies used to collect natural rubber for export. This in turn meant that the women had to continue to plant worn-out fields resulting in lower yields, a problem aggravated by company sentries stealing crops and farm animals.Leopold sanctioned the creation of "child colonies" in which orphaned Congolese would be kidnapped and sent to schools operated by Catholic Missionaries in which they would learn to work or be soldiers; these were the only schools funded by the state. In some instances a soldier could shorten his service term by bringing more hands than the other soldiers, which led to widespread mutilations and dismemberment.One practice used to force workers to collect rubber included taking women and family members hostage.Aside from rubber collection, violence in the Free State chiefly occurred in connection with wars and rebellions. Harms, Robert (1983), "The World Abir Made: The Maringa-Lopori Basin, 1885–1903", Estimates of some contemporary observers suggest that the population decreased by half during this period. Sometimes the hands were collected by the soldiers of the Force Publique, sometimes by the villages themselves. It was indeed a holocaust before Hitler’s Holocaust. In the period from 1885 to 1908, many well-documented atrocities were perpetrated in the Despite these atrocities, the main cause of the population decline was disease, which was exacerbated by the social disruption caused by the Free State. Several survivors later said that they had lived through a massacre by acting dead, not moving even when their hands were severed, and waiting till the soldiers left before seeking help. More than 50% of the children sent to the schools died of disease, and thousands more died in the forced marches into the colonies. Labour was demanded by the administration as taxation.Workers who refused to supply their labour were coerced with "constraint and repression". As a consequence, the rubber quotas were in part paid off in chopped-off hands. According to historian Historians have argued that comparisons drawn in the press by some between the death toll of the Free State atrocities and the Holocaust during Allegations of genocide in the Free State have become common over time.The term "Congolese genocide" is often used in an unrelated sense to refer to the mass murder and rape committed in the eastern Congo in the aftermath of the The legacy of the population decline of Leopold's reign left the colonial government with a severe labour shortage and it often had to resort to mass migrations to provide workers to emerging businesses.Neither the Belgian monarchy nor the Belgian state has ever apologised for the atrocities.The atrocities of the era generated public debate about Leopold, his specific role in them, and his legacy. Meanwhile, the Force Publique were required to provide the hand of their victims as proof when they had shot and killed someone, as it was believed that they would otherwise use the munitions (imported from Europe at considerable cost) for hunting or to stockpile them for mutiny. According to Eventually, growing scrutiny of Leopold's regime led to a popular campaign movement, centred in the United Kingdom and the United States, to force Leopold to renounce his ownership of the Congo. In many cases, the campaigns based their information on reports from British and Swedish missionaries working in the Congo.The first international protest occurred in 1890 when In the United Kingdom, the campaign was led by the activist and pamphleteer In 1908, as a direct result of this campaign, Belgium formally annexed the territory, creating the The significant number of deaths under the Free State regime has led some scholars to relate the atrocities to later It is generally agreed by historians that extermination was never the policy of the Free State.
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