In a study comparing Indian children of average nutrition intake and their malnourished peers, it was found that the school-aged malnourished group presented lower IQs, less cognitive functioning, lower school performance, and a higher propensity for disciplinary action. This group was compared with those without complete data (n = 602) on key demographic variables that were available on all participants at age 3 years. Malnutrition is typically associated with social and cultural deprivation and it is very difficult to distinguish the influence of one from another. CVenables SMChristian Lozoff E The developmental and probabilistic nature of the functional consequences of iron-deficiency anemia in children. S Brainstem auditory evoked potential responses in iron-deficient anemic children. Reitan
SPChang
RM Correlations between the Trail-Making Test and the Wechsler-Bellevue Scale. These 2 indicators reflect protein and zinc deficiencies,Angular stomatitis, an indicator of predominantly vitamin BThere are several limitations to the study that should be acknowledged. She has a bachelor's degree in public health as well as a master's degree in English. Finally, the effect of malnutrition on later cognitive deficits did not differ between boys and girls or Indians and Creoles, as indicated by a failure of these measures to significantly moderate the group effect of malnutrition. DJones AKCasella SEBrozena People who are mentally retarded have abnormal levels of cognitive and mental functioning. This possibility was tested by conducting repeated-measures MANOVAs on each of verbal, spatial, and total cognitive ability, with time (age 3 or 11 years) as the repeated measure. People who are mentally retarded have abnormal levels of cognitive and mental functioning. GLeeson-Payne J Randomised study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in non-anaemic iron-deficient adolescent girls. RMadan JRShukitt-Hale
All children born between September 1, 1969, and August 31, 1970, in 2 towns (Vacoas and Quatre Bornes) on the island were recruited into the study between September 1, 1972, and August 31, 1973, when aged 3 years. V A follow-up study of the influence of early malnutrition on subsequent development, IV: intellectual performance during adolescence.
BBeard Malnutrition during a sensitive period may result in disease in adult life, and studies strongly suggest the development of the brain and retina can be affected. JP Hair loss in systemic disease.
YGrider JGaller Findings support the view that early childhood malnutrition is a potential risk factor for later cognitive deficits and, from a pediatric perspective, raise the possibility that promoting early childhood nutrition could enhance children's long-term cognitive development and school performance.The robustness of the malnutrition–poor cognition link is exemplified with reference to 4 factors: type of cognitive outcome, sex, ethnicity, and repeated time points.
Findings suggest that better attention to nutrition could have significant implications for cognitive development in children and adolescents.Liu J, Raine A, Venables PH, Dalais C, Mednick SA. ESalt One of the most concerning is the effects malnutrition can have on the brain. MJahari P The long-term effects of early kwashiorkor compared with marasmus, IV: performance on the national high school entrance examination. AEKorsak All Rights Reserved 2003;157(6):593-600. doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.6.593Early malnutrition is linked to poor cognition, but long-term effects have not been extensively examined and psychosocial confounds have not always been controlled.To test the hypothesis that malnutrition at age 3 years will be associated with poorer cognitive ability at age 11 years independent of psychosocial confounds.A prospective, longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1559 children originally assessed at age 3 years for malnutrition (low hemoglobin level, angular stomatitis, kwashiorkor, and sparse, thin hair) and followed up to age 11 years.A community sample of 1559 children (51.4% boys and 48.6% girls) born between September 1, 1969, and August 31, 1970, in 2 towns in the island of Mauritius, with 68.7% Indians and 25.7% Creoles (African origin).Verbal and spatial ability measured at ages 3 and 11 years and reading, scholastic ability, and neuropsychologic performance measured at age 11 years.Malnourished children had poorer cognition at both ages.
Two-tailed tests of significance were used throughout.For all analyses herein, full-scale cognitive ability (the summation of verbal and spatial indicators) was not entered into MANOVAs to avoid multicolinearity, but to illustrate findings results report 1-way ANOVA comparisons for these indicators at ages 3 and 11 years.Malnourished children were more likely to experience psychosocial adversity than were control children at age 3 years (Creoles were more likely to be malnourished (27.0%) than were Indians (20.6%) (χThere was no interaction between malnutrition grouping and either sex (FIq, school, and neuropsychologic test performance at age 11 yearsMalnourished children were more likely to come from adverse psychosocial backgrounds at age 11 years than were control children (Because the effects of malnutrition described herein at age 3 years (n = 1193) are based on a different sample from that used at age 11 years (n = 871), it can be questioned whether the same results would be obtained when using exactly the same sample size across the 2 ages. MHersov
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