If the centre of pressure is at the same position as the centre of mass, the rocket will tumble. Active stabilization is using rocket engines (like gimballing the main thrusters or using smaller engines called Vernier thrusters) to control the attitude of the rocket. This will increase stability.The single point at which all of the aerodynamic forces are concentrated is called the centre of pressure.To find the approximate position of the centre of pressure, draw an outline of the rocket on a piece of paper. The spin is usually induced by the fins by aerodynamic forces.Now that we understand the most important parts of rocket dynamics, we can better appreciate the magnitude of the forces acting on the rockets in this video: The wind is blowing on the center of pressure, and the rocket will then tilt towards the wind. Drag depends on the cross-sectional area of the object pushing through the air. The rocket will always rotate around the center of gravity during flight, and gravity act on that singular point. Making a rocket as narrow as possible is the best way to reduce drag.The speed of a rocket through the air similarly increases drag. If the speed of a rocket is less than the speed of sound (1,200 km/h in air at sea level), the best shape of a nose cone is a rounded curve.
Figure 1: Some of the forces and angles on a rocket in flight.In this investigation, we limit the case to three degrees of freedom: horizontal, vertical and pitch (how the rocket is angled compared to the ground, generally called up and down directions). This is something that must be taken into account by the software that finds the center of pressure numerically.Imagin a rocket that is launched straight upwards. However, the drag and lift forces do act on the center of pressure, and this decide how stable the rocket is.To understand how stability works on a rocket, let us first consider a wind vane. The center of gravity is dependent on the burn time.
There are non-negligible horisontal winds. If the speed of a rocket is less than the speed of sound (1,200 km/h in air at sea level), the best shape of a nose cone is a rounded curve. Parallel to the rocket we have then three important forces: thrust from the rocket engine, which is (usually) parallel to the rocket axis (Until now we have only used three degrees of freedom. The other degrees of freedom are the third spatial dimension (‘sideways’ motion), as well as the rotational directions roll and yaw.There are two ways to stabilize rockets: active and passive. Since the vane is attached at the rotational point, the front of the arrow will turn into the wind.Knowing that the rocket always turns around its center of gravity, it should now be clear why the center of pressure must be behind the center of gravity in order for the rocket to remain stable. If the angle of attack Lift forces are usually small on a rocket, and is always (by definition) perpendicular to the travelling direction. Generally, it is difficult to calculate and can either be found experimentally—in a wind tunnel—or numerically. After that, we discuss other important effects.Two very important points are found on a rocket: center of gravity (CG) and center of pressure (CP).
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