You can read about this when you get to that chapter. Thus, the Enlightenment is precisely an appeal to men to become adults, giving them access to self-judgment. That’s why he’s wealthy. Because you could not censor legal briefs. Well, Saint-Eustache isn’t a cathedral. So, they wage war on these Jansenist people, who were rather like Calvinists in many ways. These lawyers begin turning out these legal briefs that imply the same two things: that absolute monarchy is risking stepping over the lines of the acceptable and behaving in a despotic way, and that there is something called the nation in which nobody would have imagined that classes were all equal — the discourse of liberty, fraternity and equality is a hell of a long way away — but that the traditional rights of the nation are being betrayed by the monarchy and that things isn’t so good at Versailles.Again, trying to look ahead and see what happens in 1788 and above all, 1789, which is one — I’m not a big guy on dates in history and having to remember all these dates. They can’t be censored. He’s very, very wealthy. This is from his work on lawyers in the eighteenth century.We’ll give you an example of how this fits together. They’re like some sort of runaway bread or something like that. In fact, when there were these political trials, lots of what was said in the courtroom got around as well and couldn’t really be censored in the way that ordinary publications could. There are ladies without teeth, others without eyebrows, and some are now completely paralyzed.” People want to know what it is. But the only point of that is that there are lawyers who begin to defend the Jansenists and begin to see the actions of the king When lawyers are publishing legal briefs — and there’s enough references in the book, so you can put this together, but I just want you to see the point. I’m not talking about the big-time people like Rousseau and Voltaire, but the Grub Street hacks.
They’d be stuffed with all sorts of things — pens and pins and — I think I mentioned this is another context — and religious literature, but also hidden at the bottom, beneath the religious literature, they are smuggling into France Enlightenment literature. The public sphere is thus precisely as the place where endless debates will be judged collectively the ideas of individuals, but also a platform from which there can be judged and controlled political power. But for Kant, this minority status is not natural: the man has a reason that allows him to uncover truths. They begin to suggest at a time in the eighteenth century, particularly after mid-century when we can already begin to speak of French nationalism, at least among the elite at the time of the Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763, thus the Seven Years’ War. They write what they call in French So, they do make a difference. First of all, without question, Enlightenment thought — although the Enlightenment thinkers disagreed on many things, and a few were atheists, but not many, most were Deists and believed that God was everywhere — the Enlightenment did weaken the hold of traditional religion, particularly the role of the Catholic Church as a public institution in France. They don’t have enough money to pay. This comes from the work of David Bell, who is my colleague and still very dear friend who teaches at Johns Hopkins.
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