Finally, the third stage was a solid-propellant rocket motor.
Short range ballistic missiles were nearing production. Porter's progress, in the face of shifting Army requirements, was slow. Von Braun complained to the press that he had been restrained from making America first in space.
Advanced study and development of Weapon System WS-117L, the
Furthermore, it was made a requirement that whatever solution was selected would not interfere with and produce the slightest delay to high-priority military ballistic missile programs (Atlas, It surprised both the American and Soviet military establishments, who had not been convinced of the military usefulness of satellites.
It was not vital that the United States be first in space (although the CIA did correctly forecast the immense propaganda benefit to whichever nation came first). Coincidentally, a great scientific endeavor, the International Geophysical Year (IGY), had been announced for 1957-1958. Tikhonravov began detailed design of the first payloads for the R-7 in January 1956 - these were the An instrumented artificial satellite of the earth would be the ideal means to provide a quantum increase in that knowledge. Once that was established, the Corona satellites would be free to proceed with espionage. Vanguard was on the verge of cancellation. In 1955, the United States announced plans to put a scientific satellite in orbit for the The Vanguard's second stage served for decades as the Able and Delta second stage for satellite launch vehicles.The first two flights of the Vanguard program, designated Investigation into the accident concluded that inadequate fuel tank pressure had allowed hot exhaust gases to back up into the injector head and destroy it, causing complete loss of engine thrust.
The second stage was the Aerojet General AJ10-37 liquid-fueled engine, a variant of the engine in the RTV-N-10 Aerobee. Incredibly, the R-7 might be ready before its payload. The ample sequence diagram presented in Appendix A represents Project Vanguard's Initial Rocket Test Vehicle, T'-0 (Viking 13). Not for the first time, 'off the shelf' components turned out to require extensive redesign once the actual engineering began. Von Braun's V-2 rocket team became the spoils of war.
The final conclusion was that only the R-7 could be relied on to accomplish the mission in time for the IGY and without requiring any new rocket development. The CIA had its U-2 spy plane, and was working on more advanced follow-ons, but it was projected that improvements in Russian antiaircraft missiles would make any aircraft vulnerable to shoot-down by the 1960's. Significantly, it was the CIA that provided bridging funds for the 'civilian' program. Korolev obtained Khrushchev's grudging agreement to develop a satellite payload for the R-7 as long as "the main task doesn't suffer". The responsibility for carrying out the program was placed with the Office of Naval Research. In the Soviet Union a colossal effort was underway on the R-7.
Then, on 4 October 1957, Korolev successfully launched Sputnik 1 into orbit.
Von Braun's team had been accepted by some elements in the US Army and developed the
The Vanguard rocket was designed as a three-stage vehicle. Here are a group of rocket photos that you can use in classroom activities. The way was clear for Corona to proceed.
The German scientists, designs, and equipment were seized by the United States, the Soviet Union, France, and Britain in a German diaspora.
", Simon & Schuster, 1958McDougall, Walter A., (1985) ...the Heavens and the EarthHistory of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines by George P. Sutton, pp.
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